介紹常用的各種系統(tǒng)rewrite重寫規(guī)則方法,用來(lái)美化網(wǎng)頁(yè)的鏈接,提高搜索引擎收錄。
一.web.config 適用iis7以上
實(shí)例1:普通重寫.htaccess轉(zhuǎn)換web.config 注意: 1.添加<match url="^(.*/)* 2. 添加 url="{R:1} 3.去掉 list.asp\?teacher_id 轉(zhuǎn)義符
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <configuration> <system.webServer> <rewrite> <rules> <rule name="rule1"> <match url="^(.*)t/([0-9,a-z]*)" ignoreCase="false" /> <action type="Rewrite" url="{R:1}/t_list.asp?teacher_id={R:2}" appendQueryString="false" /> </rule> <rule name="rule2"> <match url="^(.*/)*([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)\.html\?*(.*)$" /> <action type="Rewrite" url="{R:1}/index.php?moduleid={R:2}&catid={R:3}&itemid={R:4}&page={R:5}" /> </rule> </rules> </rewrite> </system.webServer> </configuration>
實(shí)例2:其他重寫功能
(1)301重定向
<rule name="301Redirect" stopProcessing="true"> <match url="(.*)" /> <conditions logicalGrouping="MatchAll"> <add input="{HTTP_HOST}" pattern="^xxx.com$" /> </conditions> <action type="Redirect" url="http://www.xxx.com/{R:0}" redirectType="Permanent" /> </rule>
(2)取消目錄執(zhí)行權(quán)限
<rule name="rule1"> <match url="uploads/(.*).(php|asp|aspx)$" ignoreCase="false" /> <conditions logicalGrouping="MatchAll"> <add input="%" pattern="^$" ignoreCase="false" negate="true" /> </conditions> <action type="AbortRequest" /> </rule> <rule name="Rule2"> <match url="(.*).(asp)$" ignoreCase="false" /> <action type="AbortRequest" /> </rule>
(3)屏蔽來(lái)源域名
<rule name="rule1" stopProcessing="true"> <match url="^(.*)$" /> <conditions> <add input="{HTTP_REFERER}" pattern="ylhqvip.com" negate="true" /> <add input="{HTTP_REFERER}" pattern="^$" negate="true" /> </conditions> <action type="AbortRequest" /> </rule>
(4)屏蔽ip地址
<rule name="band ip" stopProcessing="true"> <match url="(.*)" /> <conditions logicalGrouping="MatchAny"> <add input="%{HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR}&%{REMOTE_ADDR}&%{HTTP_X_Real_IP}" pattern="(8.8.4.4|8.8.8.)" /> </conditions> <action type="AbortRequest" /> </rule>
(5)過(guò)濾靜態(tài)文件
<rule name="Imported Rule 1" stopProcessing="true"> <match url="^(.*)$" ignoreCase="false" /> <conditions logicalGrouping="MatchAll"> <add input="{URL}" pattern="^.*(.css|.js|.gif|.png|.jpg|.jpeg|.xml)" ignoreCase="false" /> </conditions> <action type="None" /> </rule>
(6)屏蔽蜘蛛
<rule name="Block spider" stopProcessing="true"> <match url="(.*)" ignoreCase="false" negate="false" /> <conditions> <add input="{HTTP_USER_AGENT}" pattern="baiduspider|googlebot" /> </conditions> <action type="AbortRequest" /> </rule>
語(yǔ)法總結(jié)
(1)<add>條件判斷,就像我們程序中的if語(yǔ)句一樣,表示如果符合某個(gè)或某幾個(gè)條件則執(zhí)行action后的語(yǔ)句
#判斷訪問(wèn)域名: <add input="{HTTP_HOST}" pattern="^www.xxx.com$" /> #判斷user_agent: <add input="{HTTP_USER_AGENT}" pattern="baiduspider|googlebot" /> #判斷訪問(wèn)來(lái)源域名: <add input="{HTTP_REFERER}" pattern="xxx.com" negate="true" /> #判斷url中: <add input="{URL}" pattern="^.*(.css|.js|.gif|.png|.jpg|.jpeg|.xml)" ignoreCase="false" /> #判斷url中?后參數(shù): <add input="{QUERY_STRING}" pattern="blog" negate="true" /> #判斷url路徑地址: <add input="{REQUEST_URI}" pattern="blog" negate="true" /> #判斷ip(包括代理): <add input="%{HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR}&%{REMOTE_ADDR}&%{HTTP_X_Real_IP}" pattern="(8.8.4.4|8.8.8.)" /> #判斷真實(shí)文件: <add input="{REQUEST_FILENAME}" matchType="IsFile" negate="true" pattern="" ignoreCase="false" /> #判斷真實(shí)目錄: <add input="{REQUEST_FILENAME}" matchType="IsDirectory" negate="true" pattern="" ignoreCase="false" /> #判斷match中的變量:<add input="{R:1}" pattern="^(bbs|blog)" ignoreCase="false" negate="true" /> #其他 <add input="%" pattern="^$" ignoreCase="false" negate="true" />
(2)<action>處理方式
#禁止訪問(wèn): <action type="AbortRequest" /> #重定向到 <action type="Redirect" url="http://www.xxx.com" redirectType="Permanent" /> #重寫到 <action type="Rewrite" url="{R:1}/t_list.asp?teacher_id={R:2}" appendQueryString="false" /> #不做操作 <action type="None" /> #向客戶端返回狀態(tài) <action type="CustomResponse" statusCode="403" statusReason="Forbidden" statusDescription="Forbidden" />
(3)參數(shù)
忽略大小寫: ignoreCase="true"|ignoreCase="false" 非(不等于): negate="true" 不帶?后面的參數(shù): appendQueryString="false" 永久重定向: redirectType="Permanent" 匹配條件為所有還是一條: logicalGrouping="MatchAll"|logicalGrouping="MatchAny" # 用于conditions節(jié)點(diǎn)
二.htaccess 適用iis6(rewrite3.1)|linux
實(shí)例1:普通重寫
<IfModule mod_rewrite.c> RewriteEngine On RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^(.*)$ RewriteRule ^topic-(.+)\.html$ portal.php?mod=topic&topic=$1&%1 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^(.*)$ RewriteRule ^article-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)\.html$ portal.php?mod=view&aid=$1&page=$2&%1 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^(.*)$ RewriteRule ^forum-(\w+)-([0-9]+)\.html$ forum.php?mod=forumdisplay&fid=$1&page=$2&%1 </IfModule> RewriteRule ^(.*)/topic-(.+)\.html(\?(.*))*$ $1/portal\.php\?mod=topic&topic=$2&$4 RewriteRule ^(.*)/article-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)\.html(\?(.*))*$ $1/portal\.php\?mod=view&aid=$2&page=$3&$5 RewriteRule ^(.*)/forum-(\w+)-([0-9]+)\.html(\?(.*))*$ $1/forum\.php\?mod=forumdisplay&fid=$2&page=$3&$5]
動(dòng)態(tài)地址跳轉(zhuǎn)到靜態(tài)地址
RewriteRule ^goods-([0-9]+)(.*)\.html$ goods\.php\?id=$1 [QSA,L] RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^id=([0-9]+)$ [NC] RewriteRule ^goods.php$ /goods-%1.html? [L,R=301] RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^id=1$ [NC] RewriteRule ^category.php$ http://www.yaolongnonwoven.com/? [L,R=301] 加?不帶參數(shù),不加帶上參數(shù)
實(shí)例2:其他重寫功能
(1)301重定向
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^xxxx1.com$ [NC] RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^xxxx2.com$ [NC] RewriteRule ^(.*)$ http://www.xxxx1.com/$1 [R=301,L]
(2)取消目錄執(zhí)行權(quán)限
RewriteCond % !^$ RewriteRule uploads/(.*).(php)$ – [F] RewriteRule data/(.*).(php)$ – [F]
(3)屏蔽來(lái)源域名
RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} www.baidu.com [NC] RewriteRule ^(.*)$ - [F]
(4)屏蔽ip地址
RewriteCond %{http:X-Forwarded-For}&%{REMOTE_ADDR}&%{http:X-Real-IP} (8.8.4.4|8.8.8.) [NC] RewriteRule (.*) - [F]
(5)過(guò)濾靜態(tài)文件
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} ^.*(.css|.js|.gif|.png|.jpg|.jpeg|.xml) RewriteRule ^(.*)$ - [L] RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
(6)屏蔽蜘蛛
RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} (baiduspider|googlebot) [NC] RewriteRule ^(.*)$ - [F]
語(yǔ)法總結(jié)
(1)RewriteCond條件判斷,就像我們程序中的if語(yǔ)句一樣,表示如果符合某個(gè)或某幾個(gè)條件則執(zhí)行RewriteCond下面緊鄰的
RewriteRule語(yǔ)句 #判斷訪問(wèn)域名: RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^xxxx.com$ [NC] #判斷user_agent: RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} Baiduspider [NC] #判斷訪問(wèn)來(lái)源域名: RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} www.baidu.com [NC] #判斷METHOD: RewriteCond %{REQUEST_METHOD} ^(TRACE|OPTIONS) #判斷url中?后參數(shù): RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^id=([0-9]+)$ [NC] #判斷url路徑地址: RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} ^/bbs #判斷ip(包括代理): RewriteCond %{http:X-Forwarded-For}&%{REMOTE_ADDR}&%{http:X-Real-IP} (8.8.4.4|8.8.8.) [NC] #判斷真實(shí)文件: RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f #判斷真實(shí)目錄: RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d #判斷header RewriteCond %{HTTP:header} #判斷以上所有情況: RewriteCond $1 !^(bbs|blog) #其他 RewriteCond % !^$(2)處理方式
#禁止訪問(wèn): RewriteRule (.*) - [F] #重定向到 RewriteRule ^(.*)$ http://www.xxx.com/404.html [R=301,L] #重寫到 RewriteRule ^goods-([0-9]+)(.*)\.html$ goods\.php\?id=$1 [QSA,L] #不做操作 RewriteRule ^(.*)$ - [L]參數(shù)解釋:
$N 規(guī)則后向引用 %N RewriteCond 后向引用 ${mapname:key|default} %{VARNAME} 服務(wù)器變量 ‘!’ 取非 [C] 與下一個(gè)規(guī)則聯(lián)鎖 [CO=name:val:domain:lifetime:path] 設(shè)置cookie [F] 強(qiáng)制禁止應(yīng)答 [G] 強(qiáng)制繼續(xù)應(yīng)答 [H=content-handler] 明確的內(nèi)容處理 (不適用) [L] 上一個(gè)規(guī)則標(biāo)記 [N] 再次應(yīng)用規(guī)則 [NC] 大小寫不敏感 [NE] 不轉(zhuǎn)義輸出 [NS]非內(nèi)部子請(qǐng)求 [P]代理通過(guò) [QSA] 追加查詢字符串 [R =code] 重定向 [S=num] 跳到下面第n條規(guī)則 [T=MIME-type] 強(qiáng)制明確應(yīng)答 MIME 類型 RewriteCond [NC] 大小寫不敏感 [OR] 邏輯并集三.nginx 規(guī)則
實(shí)例1.普通重寫
location / { if (!-e $request_filename) { rewrite ^(.*)$ /index.php?s=$1 last; break; } }
實(shí)例2.其他重寫
(1).301重定向
server_name test.com www.test.com; if ($host ~* test.com) { rewrite ^/(.*)$ http://www.test.com/$1 permanent; }
http跳轉(zhuǎn)https
普通
rewrite ^(.*) https://www.abc.com$1 permanent;
有cdn
if ( $http_from_https != 'on' ){ rewrite ^(.*) https://www.abc.com$1 permanent; }
(2). 取消目錄執(zhí)行權(quán)限
location ~* ^/(uploads|templets|data)/.*.(php|php5)$ { deny all; }
(3).屏蔽來(lái)源域名
location / { valid_referers www.baidu.com www.#; if ($invalid_referer){ return 403; } }
防盜鏈
location ~* \.(gif|jpg|png|webp)$ { valid_referers none blocked domain.com *.domain.com server_names ~\.google\. ~\.baidu\.; if ($invalid_referer) { return 403; #rewrite ^/ http://www.domain.com/403.jpg; } root /opt/www/image; }
(4).屏蔽ip地址
allow 1.1.1.2; allow all; deny all; deny 1.1.1.2 location ^~ /xxx/xxx/xx/ { allow 172.0.0.1; allow xxx.xxx.0.0/8;#表示允許xxx.xxx.0.1 ~ xxx.xxx.255.254 allow xxx.0.0.0/16;#表示允許xxx.0.0.1 ~ xxx.255.255.254 allow xxx.xxx.xxx.x; deny all; }
前端還有cdn情況
map $http_x_forwarded_for $clientIp { "" $remote_addr; ~^(?P<firstAddr>[0-9\.]+),?.*$ $firstAddr; } if ($clientIp ~* "127.0.0.1|127.0.0.2") { return 403; break; }
(5).屏蔽蜘蛛
if ($http_user_agent ~ "FeedDemon|JikeSpider|MJ12bot|heritrix|EasouSpider|LinkpadBot|Ezooms" ) { return 403; }
(6).禁止非GET|HEAD|POST方式的抓取
if ($request_method !~ ^(GET|HEAD|POST)$) { return 403; }
語(yǔ)法總結(jié)
(1)RewriteCond條件判斷,就像我們程序中的if語(yǔ)句一樣,表示如果符合某個(gè)或某幾個(gè)條件則執(zhí)行RewriteCond下面緊鄰的RewriteRule語(yǔ)句
#判斷訪問(wèn)域名: if ($host ~* test.com) #判斷user_agent: if ($http_user_agent ~* "baiduspider" ) #判斷訪問(wèn)來(lái)源域名: valid_referers www.baidu.com;if ($invalid_referer){return 403;} #判斷METHOD: if ($request_method !~ ^(GET|HEAD|POST)$) #判斷url中?后參數(shù): if ($request_uri ~* ^/list.php\?([^_]+)(_[0-9]+)$) #判斷url路徑地址: if ($uri ~* ^/list.php\?([^_]+)(_[0-9]+)$) #判斷ip: if ($remote_addr ~* "127.0.0.1|127.0.0.2") #判斷真實(shí)文件: -e filename #判斷真實(shí)目錄: -d filename
(2).處理方式
#禁止訪問(wèn): return 403; deny all; #重定向到 rewrite ^/(.*)$ http://www.test.com/$1 permanent; #重寫到 rewrite ^(.*)$ /index.php?s=$1 last; last – 基本上都用這個(gè)Flag。 break – 中止Rewirte,不在繼續(xù)匹配 redirect – 返回臨時(shí)重定向的HTTP狀態(tài)302 permanent – 返回永久重定向的HTTP狀態(tài)301 -f和!-f用來(lái)判斷是否存在文件 -d和!-d用來(lái)判斷是否存在目錄 -e和!-e用來(lái)判斷是否存在文件或目錄 -x和!-x用來(lái)判斷文件是否可執(zhí)行
參數(shù)解釋
location [=|~|~*|^~] /uri/ { … } = 開頭表示精確匹配 ^~ 開頭表示uri以某個(gè)常規(guī)字符串開頭,理解為匹配 url路徑即可。nginx不對(duì)url做編碼,因此請(qǐng)求為/static/20%/aa,可以被規(guī)則^~ /static/ /aa匹配到(注意是空格)。 ~ 開頭表示區(qū)分大小寫的正則匹配 ~* 開頭表示不區(qū)分大小寫的正則匹配 !~和!~*分別為區(qū)分大小寫不匹配及不區(qū)分大小寫不匹配 的正則 / 通用匹配,任何請(qǐng)求都會(huì)匹配到。
全局變量
$args $content_length $content_type $document_root $document_uri $host $http_user_agent $http_cookie $limit_rate $request_body_file $request_method $remote_addr $remote_port $remote_user $request_filename $request_uri $query
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